Current as of:  28 March 2010

Sorted by decreasing year (most recent items first, beginning with items "in press").
With abstracts, where available.

  
Amstrup, S. C., H. Caswell, E. DeWeaver, I. Stirling, D. C. Douglas, B. G. Marcot, and C. M. Hunter. 2009. Rebuttal of "polar bear population forecasts: a public-policy forecasting audit". Interfaces 39(4):353-369. 
Abstract: Observed declines in the Arctic sea ice have resulted in a variety of negative effects on polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Projections for additional future declines in sea ice resulted in a proposal to list polar bears as a threatened species under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. To provide information for the Department of Interior’s listing decision process, the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) produced a series of nine research reports evaluating the present and future status of polar bears in various parts of their range. In response, Armstrong et al.(2008, hereafter AGS) performed an “audit” of two of these nine reports. They claimed that the General Circulation Models upon which the USGS reports relied were not valid forecasting tools, that USGS researchers were not objective and not independent from policy decisions, that USGS did not utilize all available information in constructing forecasts, and that USGS violated numerous “principles of forecasting” espoused by AGS. AGS concluded that the two USGS reports were unscientific and of no consequence to decision makers.
    Here, we evaluate the AGS audit, and show how AGS are mistaken or misleading on every claim. We provide evidence that General Circulation Models can be used to forecast future climate conditions and are being relied upon to do so. We clarify the strict independence of USGS from the listing decision. We show that the allegations of failure to follow the “principles of forecasting” espoused by AGS are either incorrect or are based on misconceptions about the Arctic environment, polar bear biology, or statistical and mathematical methods. We conclude by showing that the “principles of forecasting” are too ambiguous and subjective to be a reliable basis for auditing scientific investigations. In sum, we reveal this “audit” to be no more than an attempt by AGS to promote their opinion that global warming is not real, and therefore poses no threat to polar bears; and we show point by point that AGS are incorrect.

Amstrup, S. C., B. G. Marcot, and D. C. Douglas. 2007. Forecasting the range-wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st century. Administrative Report. US Geological Survey. Anchorage, Alaska. 126 pp. Abstract:

Amstrup, S. C., B. G. Marcot, and D. C. Douglas. 2008. A Bayesian network modeling approach to forecasting the 21st century worldwide status of polar bears. Pp. 213-268 in: E. T. DeWeaver, C. M. Bitz, and L.-B. Tremblay, ed. Arctic sea ice decline: observations, projections, mechanisms, and implications. Geophysical Monograph 180. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. pp. 
Abstract: To inform the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decision, whether or not to list polar bears as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), we projected the status of the world’s polar bears (Ursus maritimus) for decades centered on future years 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2095. We defined four ecoregions based on current and projected sea ice conditions: seasonal ice, Canadian Archipelago, polar basin divergent, and polar basin convergent ecoregions. We incorporated general circulation model projections of future sea ice into a Bayesian network (BN) model structured around the factors considered in ESA decisions. This first-generation BN model combined empirical data, interpretations of data, and professional judgments of one polar bear expert into a probabilistic framework that identifies causal links between environmental stressors and polar bear responses. We provide guidance regarding steps necessary to refine the model, including adding inputs from other experts. The BN model projected extirpation of polar bears from the seasonal ice and polar basin divergent ecoregions, where ˜2/3 of the world’s polar bears currently occur, by mid century. Projections were less dire in other ecoregions. Decline in ice habitat was the overriding factor driving the model outcomes. Although this is a first-generation model, the dependence of polar bears on sea ice is universally accepted, and the observed sea ice decline is faster than models suggest. Therefore, incorporating judgments of multiple experts in a final model is not expected to fundamentally alter the outlook for polar bears described here.

Amstrup, S. C., B. G. Marcot, and D. C. Douglas. 2008. Forecasting the range-wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st century: addition of model outcomes for the decade 2020-2029. Administrative Report. US Geological Survey. Anchorage, Alaska. 6 pp. Abstract:

Aubry, K. B., J. P. Hayes, B. L. Biswell, and B. G. Marcot. 2003. The ecological role of tree-dwelling mammals in western coniferous forests. Pp. 405-443 in: C. J. Zabel and R. G. Anthony, ed. Mammal community dynamics: management and conservation in the coniferous forests of western North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. 709 pp. Abstract:

Baker, R. J., and C. M. Schonewald-Cox. 1987. Management strategies for improving population viability. Pp. 73-87 in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford CA. pp. Abstract:

Berwick, S., B. G. Marcot, P. Paquet, and P. Whitney. 2001. Ecosystem-selection of wildlife species for comparing future landscape alternatives in the Columbia River Basin. Pp. 61-63 in: R. Field, R. J. Warren, H. Okarma, and P. R. Sievert, ed. Wildlife, land, and people: priorities for the 21st century. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. Abstract:

Bodin, P., W. Brock, P. Buttolph, H. Kelsey, T. Lisle, B. Marcot, N. Reichard, and R. Wunner. 1982. Are California's North Coast rivers really "wasting away to sea?". Northcoast Environmental Center, Arcata, California. 20 pp pp. Abstract:

Carey, A. B., V. E. Castellano, C. Chappell, R. Kuntz, R. W. Lundquist, B. G. Marcot, S. K. Nelson, and P. Sullivan. 1990. Training guide for bird identification in Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-260. Portland OR. 28 pp. Abstract:

Cederholm, C. J., D. H. Johnson, R. E. Bilby, L. G. Dominguez, A. M. Garrett, W. H. Graeber, E. L. Greda, M. D. Kunze, B. G. Marcot, J. F. Palmisano, R. W. Plotnikoff, W. G. Pearcy, C. A. Simenstad, and P. C. Trotter. 2000. Pacific salmon and wildlife - ecological contexts, relationships, and implications for management. Special Edition Technical Report, prepared for D.H. Johnson and T.A. O'Neil (Manag. Dirs.), Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 141 pp. Abstract:

Cederholm, C. J., D. H. Johnson, R. E. Bilby, L. G. Dominguez, A. M. Garrett, W. H. Graeber, E. L. Greda, M. D. Kunze, B. G. Marcot, J. F. Palmisano, R. W. Plotnikoff, W. G. Pearcy, C. A. Simenstad, and P. C. Trotter. 2001. Pacific salmon and wildlife: ecological contexts, relationships, and implications for management. Pp. 628-685 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Cooperrider, A., R. F. Noss, H. H. Welsh, Jr, C. Carroll, W. Zielinski, D. Olson, S. K. Nelson, and B. G. Marcot. 2000. Terrestrial fauna of redwood forests. Pp. 119-163 in: R. F. Noss, ed. The redwood forest. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 339 pp. Abstract:

Crowe, V. M., C. D. Rader, and B. G. Marcot. 1987. CAPS: A pattern recognition expert system for analysis of the capnogram. Presented at Seventh Medical Monitoring Technology Conference, March 7-12, 1987, Vail, Colorado, sponsored by Ohio State University Department of Anesthesiology. Abstract:

Darden, T. L., and B. G. Marcot. 1995. Consultancy report. Project IND/92/007/A/01/99 Management and ecodevelopment planning capabilities. 28 Nov - 20 Dec 1995. Report to FAO on Terms of Reference (TOR). Food and Agriculture Organization. Delhi, India. 27 pp. Abstract:

FEMAT. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (chapters numbered separately) pp. Abstract:

Fimbel, R. A., A. Grajal, J. G. Robinson, and all_chapter_contributors. 2001. Logging and wildlife in the tropics: impacts and options for conservation. Pp. 667-695 in: R. A. Fimbel, A. Grajal, and J. G. Robinson, ed. The cutting edge: conserving wildlife in logged tropical forests. Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y. pp. Abstract:

Haynes, R. W., R. T. Graham, and T. M. Quigley, ed. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin. Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-374. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 68 pp. Abstract:

Holthausen, R. S., and B. G. Marcot. 1991. Applying results of old-growth research to management: information needs, development of technical tools, and future research. Pp. 463-470 in: L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, ed. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-285. 533 pp. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. 533 pp. Abstract:

Huntington, H., G. Noongwook, C. Jay, B. Marcot, and C. Pungowiyi. 2009. Bering Sea Project, local and traditional knowledge component, Savoonga LTK notes. Report to the Bering Sea Project, 18 September 2009. . 18 pp. Abstract:

Johnson, D. H., and B. G. Marcot. 2000. Survey techniques for the world's owls - fundamentals to conservation. Unpublished report. pp.
Abstract: Surveying for owls is fundamental to their conservation. Many techniques to determine the presence (or absence) of owls have been developed. Likewise, a number of techniques are being used to find owl nests and study the demographic performance of owls. Survey techniques differ with the species of owl being surveyed, their habitats, their nocturnal/diurnal habits, the tools and technology available to the surveyors, and the safety concerns of the surveyors. The purpose of this study is to develop an information system around the techniques for locating and studying basic demographic aspects of the owls of the world. Summaries from this work will provide methodologies and technologies that have proven successful (as well as unsuccessful) in studying owls across the globe. This project is just beginning; the Owls 2000 conference as a good means to begin collecting materials for this project. Of particular interest, the authors are desiring copies of survey protocols, published or unpublished survey techniques, and reports/notes on successful (and unsuccessful) survey efforts. The authors will be providing a "Survey Techniques Form" at the conference to solicit specific information. As part of this project, the authors will also be developing a network of owl researchers from around the world with experience, or an interest, in survey techniques.

Kowalewski, M., E. Dyreson, J. D. Marcot, J. A. Vargas, K. W. Flessa, and D. P. Hallman. 1997. Phenetic discrimination of biometric simpletons: paleobiological implications of morphospecies in the lingulide brachiopod Glottidia. Paleobiology 23(4):444-469. Abstract:

Kumar, A., A. K. Gupta, B. G. Marcot, A. Saxena, S. P. Singh, and T. T. C. Marak. 2002. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective. Volume IV: Garo Hills Conservation Area (GCA). Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service collaborative project report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 206 pp. Abstract:

Kumar, A., and B. G. Marcot. In press. Key tiger habitats in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya. Journal of Chemo and Biosphere xx:xxx-xxx.
Abstract: Recent changes in land use and increasing forest fragmentation have resulted in habitat loss and declines in tiger populations in various parts of India. The Garo Hills region of western Meghalaya, which once held good tiger populations, has not reported any tigers during recent census operations, although other evidence suggests that a few tigers remain. The paper describes assumed habitat characteristics of tigers and attempts to identify potential tiger habitats in South Garo Hills region. Conserving large forest tracts and protected wildlife habitats provides an opportunity for restoring populations of wide-ranging wildlife such as tigers and elephants. Based on limited field observations coupled with focused group discussion with local villagers and senior staff members of the wildlife wing of the State Forest Department of Megahlaya, we have identified 20 localities in South Garo Hills, which if protected and managed for tiger conservation, could help restore this fast disappearing species. A landscape approach to wildlife management, including designation of intact forest corridors among protected areas and reserved forests, could greatly contribute to conservation of tigers, elephants, and overall biodiversity. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (erstwhile Project Tiger) and Project elephant may work jointly to protect the immense biodiversity of Garo Hills.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, and P. S. Roy. 2006. Spatial patterns and processes for shifting cultivation landscape in Garo Hills, India. Pp. 63-70 in: R. Lafortezza and G. Sanesi, ed. Patterns and processes in forest landscapes. Consequences of human management. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of IUFRO Working Party 8.01.03, Sept. 26-29, Locorotondo, Bari, Italy. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali [Italian Academy of Forestry Science], The Netherlands. 551 pp. 
Abstract: We analysed a few spatial patterns and processes of a shifting cultivation landscape in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya state in North East India, where about 85 % of land belongs to native community. The landscape comprised 2459 km2 of land with forest cover and shifting cultivation patches over 69% and 7% area of landscape, respectively. The mean patch sizes ± standard deviations for forest cover and shifting cultivation patches were 0.17 ± 1.86 km2 and 0.03 ± 0.04 km2, respectively. The low fragmentation areas between adjacent PAs and RFs were identified as potential wildlife (elephant) habitat corridors and the Core Area (CA) model revealed 591 patches that held 1468 km2 area inside 500m from nearest edge of patches. Landscape with >40% of forest cover and <30% of current or abundant jhum cover with <2% annual jhum have been reported to support higher elephant densities in study area.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, and P. S. Roy. 2008. Spatial patterns and ecology of shifting forest landscapes in Garo Hills, India. Pp. 125-139 in: R. Lafortezza, J. Chen, G. Sanesi, and T. R. Crow, ed. Patterns and processes in forest landscapes: Multiple use and sustainable management. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. 426 pp. 
Abstract: In many parts of the world, increasing rates of shifting cultivation -- also called slash-and-burn cultivation, swidden, and (in India) jhum -- has compromised native forest biodiversity. We explore this relationship with a case study from northeast India where much of the remaining, intact, old tropical forest is found in the few protected areas and reserved forests (collectively PAs) of the region, and where jhum has largely permeated much of the rest of the landscape. Our analysis and mapping of land use and cover types, levels of forest fragmentation, and occurrence of jhum lands suggests that: buffer zones around PAs could contain additional, intact forest; incursion into PAs can reduce their effective interior core forest area; and forest wildlife habitat, particularly for Asian elephant, can be delineated among PAs in corridors consisting of low-fragmented, native forest cover. As human population density and concomitant anthropogenic stressors increase, however, more severe effects of increased rates of jhum on forest biodiversity will be felt. Offsetting such effects will entail not just redirecting jhum activities but also addressing the full cultural, social, economic, and even religious context in which shifting cultivation is pursued. Solutions must consider effects on nutrition, health, education, economic trade, and traditional lifestyles.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, P. S. Roy, and A. Saxena. In press. The landscape, tropical forests and tree community in South Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Pp. xxx-xxx in: J. R. B. Alfred, M. Ahmad, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Biodiversity conservation and utilisation. Jyoti Publishers, Dehra Dun. xxx pp. 
Abstract: Forests of the Garo Hills of western Meghalaya occur in government protected areas and managed forests (15% of the Garo Hills study area) and community lands (85%). There is little formal protection of old native forests and wildlife resources of the region. GIS analysis shows 1742 sq km (71%) of the area has forest cover with low fragmentation. A total of 2236 forest patches have a total 561 sq km core area based on 250-m edge buffers, and 644 forest patches have a total 291 sq km core area based on 500-m edge buffers. Seven intact forest corridors of 274 sq km (92% forest cover) can connect protected areas and reserved forests. 411 tree species of 71 families and 224 genera are reported including their cultural and wildlife use.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, and A. Saxena. 2006. Tree species diversity and distribution patterns in tropical forests of Garo Hills. Current Science 91(10):1370-1381. 
Abstract: We analyzed phytosociological characteristics and diversity patterns of tree species of tropical forests of Garo Hills, western Meghalaya, northeast India. The main vegetation of the region included primary forests, secondary forests, and sal (Shorea robusta) plantations, with 162, 132, and 87 tree species, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of trees within 21 1-ha belt-transects in PF was 4.27, which is comparable to the world's richest tropical forests. Statistical results revealed that primary forests were more tree-rich and diverse than were secondary forests or sal plantations. Results of the study will help forest managers in conservation planning of the tropical forest ecosystem of the northeast India.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, A. Saxena, S. P. Singh, and A. K. Gupta. In press. The fauna in the tropical forests of Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Pp. xxx-xxx in: J. R. B. Alfred, M. Ahmad, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Biodiversity conservation and utilisation. Jyoti Publishers, Dehra Dun. xxx pp. 
Abstract: Information in this chapter is based on our direct observations in Garo Hills and largely on information available from various published and unpublished research papers, official documents, elephant census results, work of local NGOs, interviews with individuals, and observations from several visiting researchers. Zoological Survey of India, Shillong was also the source of intensive inventories of the faunal resources of Garo Hills. However, much information and research on the ecology of animals is lacking in the Garo Hills. Garo Hills harbours more than 600 vertebrate animal species, which is a significant fraction of the total of 958 animal species in Meghalaya.
    We summarize surveys and population estimates of tiger, elephant and hollock gibbon done by state forest department, and rates of elephant mortality reported by the wildlife divisions of Garo Hills. We describe wildlife-habitat relationships of selected mammal and bird species, including specifically elephants. Local villagers and field staff were interviewed as sources of information on species-habitat relationships. Information on elephant-habitat relationships includes data on elephant densities, population trends, and number of elephants, as correlated with topographic, landscape, vegetation and anthropogenic variables of Garo Hills. Information on mammal species' use of tree species and tree parts suggests that the Grewia microcos, Artocarpus chama, Syzygium cumini, Lapisanthus rubiginosa, Artocarpus gomezianus, Ficus semicordata and Lannea grandis are the most used tree species out of 150 tree species assessed for Garo Hills. Grewia microcos is the common food source for all 15 mammals species that we specifically evaluated. The fruits of this tree species are also preferred by many other mammals and bird species in Garo Hills. Information on bird-habitat relationships includes a list of 184 bird species observed in Garo Hills, with habitat relationships shown for 110 of these species. Twenty-six bird species are restricted to primary forests, although a total of 51 species use primary forest habitat and other habitats. Secondary forests form important habitats for many bird species. Out of 36 birds recorded from jhum areas, 10 are completely restricted to jhum patches only. Out of 36 bird species recorded from Balpakram plateau, 10 species were not seen anywhere else in Garo Hills.

Kumar, A., B. G. Marcot, and G. Talukdar. In press. Designing a protected area network for conservation planning in jhum landscapes of Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing xx:xxx-xxx. 
Abstract: We studied vegetation and land cover characteristics within the existing array of protected areas (PAs) in South Garo Hills of Meghalaya, northeast India and introduce the concept of protected area network (PAN) and methods to determine linkages of forests among existing PAs. We describe and analyse potential elements of a PAN, including PAs, reserved forests, surrounding buffers as zones of influence, and connecting forest corridors, which collectively can provide old-forest habitat for wildlife species linked across a landscape dominated by jhum (shifting cultivation) agriculture. ANOVA and Chi-square analyses of patch characteristics and forest tree diversity suggested the presence of equally species-rich and diverse old forest cover (tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous forest types) in portions of unprotected private and community owned land, which could be designated as additions to, and network linkages among, existing PAs. Such additions and linkages would help provide for conservation of elephants and existing native forest biodiversity and would constitute a PAN in the region. Most (80%) of the total forest cover of the region belongs to private or community owned land. Therefore, such additions could be formally recognized under the aegis of the 2003 amendments of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, which include provisions to designate selected forest patches within private lands as Community Reserves.

Kumar, A., A. Saxena, B. G. Marcot, V. B. Sawarkar, P. S. Roy, P. K. Mathur, and S. P. Singh. 2000. Forest fragmentation in the tropical forest ecosystem of Garo Hills, Meghalaya, northeast India. Pp. 174-196 In: P. S. Roy, S. Singh, and A. G. Toxopeus (Ed.). Proceedings of a workshop on Biodiversity and Environment: Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Perspective. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, National Remote Sensing Agency, Dehra Dun, India. 220 + xii pp. Abstract:

Kumar, A., A. Saxena, B. G. Marcot, V. B. Sawarkar, P. S. Roy, P. K. Mathur, and S. P. Singh. 2001. Forest fragmentation in the tropical forest ecosystem of Garo Hills, Meghalaya, northeast India. In: P. S. Roy, S. Singh, and A. G. Toxopeus (Ed.). Proceedings of a workshop on Biodiversity and Environment: Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Perspective. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, National Remote Sensing Agency, Dehra Dun, India. 174-196 pp. Abstract:

Lehmkuhl, J. F., B. G. Marcot, and T. Quinn. 2001. Characterizing species at risk. Pp. 474-500 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Lehmkuhl, J. F., P. K. Mathur, V. B. Sawarkar, R. S. Holthausen, B. G. Marcot, and M. G. Raphael. 2006. Managing Indian forests for biological diversity and productivity. Pp. 92-114 in: J. A. McNeely, T. M. McCarthy, A. Smith, L. Olsvig-Whittaker, and E. D. Wikramnayake, ed. Conservation biology in Asia. Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section and Resources Himalaya Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. 461 pp. 
Abstract: We describe an approach for integrating protected areas, managed forests, community-owned forests, and the intervening human-dominated matrix to conserve biodiversity and to provide economic and social benefits to urban and rural sectors in forests of India. The Wildlife Institute of India, US Forest Service, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, and several state Forest Departments began this work in 1995. We identified four pilot Conservation Areas (CA) that represent major Indian ecosystems: Terai (north India), Garo Hills (northeast), Satpura Range (central), and Anaimalai Hills (south). In each CA we did a biodiversity assessment, compiled wildlife-habitat relationships information, evaluated forest practices and human use, developed management strategies, and worked with field staff to identify management opportunities. A 6-volume management guide (www.wii.gov.in) presents the approach, wildlife-habitat relationships, and results of the four CA case studies. Primary lessons learned were to think broadly across landscapes; coordinate inventory data and analyses; integrate management across ownerships and allocations; consider cumulative effects; refocus silvicultural and other management practices toward biodiversity issues, as well as meeting human needs; and work with field managers and local user communities of the forest. The transition to “biodiversity-based forestry” will require continuing education for professionals and experimentation using adaptive management.

Lehmkuhl, J. F., S. K. Srivastava, B. G. Marcot, and V. B. Sawarkar. 2002. Chapter 5: Next steps. Pp. 57-70 in: P. K. Mathur, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective - Volume I: Concepts, approaches, and project overview, Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India. 70 pp. Abstract: ISBN : 81-85496-17-X

Lewis, D. P., and B. G. Marcot. 2006. Myth of the tawny frogmouth "owl". The Owl Pages [online] http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Other+Owl+Stuff&title=Tawny+Frogmouth Abstract:

Mannan, R. W., R. N. Conner, B. G. Marcot, and J. M. Peek. 1994. Managing forestlands for wildlife. Pp. 689-721 in: T. A. Bookhout, ed. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. 740 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. 2001. Appendix 3: Terrestrial wildlife plan assumptions and directions. Pp. 118-121 in: R. W. Haynes and G. E. Perez, ed. Northwest Forest Plan research synthesis. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-498. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. 2001. Chapter 4: Research results to date. Wildlife conservation and population viability issues. Pp. 24-29 in: R. W. Haynes and G. E. Perez, ed. Northwest Forest Plan research synthesis. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-498. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B., T. O'Neil, P. Paquet, D. Parkin, C. Scheeler, and D. H. Johnson. 2004. Interpreting results of wildlife and integrated fish-wildlife subbasin assessments for subbasin planning. Internal report. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Portland, OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B., T. O'Neil, D. Parkin, and C. Barrett. 2003. Using the Interactive Biodiversity Information System (IBIS): a tutorial for subbasin planners. http://www.nwhi.org/ibis/subbasin/IBISSubbasinPlanningTutorial08-20-03.htm. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Portland, OR. 21 pp. 
Abstract: The purpose of this tutorial or user's manual is to steer the user through the wealth of information available in IBIS. We describe the various data components and their basis, assumptions, potential uses, and limitations.

Marcot, B. G. 1976. Limnological and wildlife surveys of five slump ponds in Six Rivers National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Six Rivers National Forest. Eureka, California. 68 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1978. Flora and fauna of existing and potential slump pond sites in Six Rivers National Forest with recommendations for management. M.S. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata CA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1978. Prolegomena of the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) in Six Rivers National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Eureka CA. 47 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1978. The Wildlife/Habitat Inventory Matrix Program. Six Rivers National Forest. Unpub. rept. USDA Forest Service, Eureka, CA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1979. Axiomatization of a life history approach to the WHR. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Six Rivers National Forest, Eureka CA. 13 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1979. California Wildlife/Habitat Relationships Program, North Coast/Cascades Zone. 5 vols. Pacific Southwest Region. USDA Forest Service, Eureka, CA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1979. California Wildlife/Habitat Relationships Program, North Coast/Cascades Zone. 5 vols. Pacific Southwest Region. USDA Forest Service. Eureka CA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1979. A simple model for predicting no. of spotted owl territories. Unpubl. ms. Six Rivers National Forest, Eureka CA. 8 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1980. Use of a habitat/niche model for old growth management: a preliminary discussion. Pp. 390-402 in: R. M. DeGraff, ed. Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86. 535 pp. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1980. Use of habitat/niche model for old growth management: a preliminary discussion. in: R. M. DeGraff, ed. Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds Gen. Tech. Rpt. INT-86. USDA Forest Service, 390-402 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1983. Snag use by birds in Douglas-fir clearcuts. Pp. 134-139 in: J. W. Davis, G. A. Goodwin, and R. A. Ockenfels, ed. Snag habitat management: proceedings of the symposium. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-99. 226 pp. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1984. Winter use of some northwestern California caves by western big-eared bats and long-eared myotis. The Murrelet 65:46. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1985. Habitat relationships of birds and young-growth Douglas-fir in northwestern California. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis OR. 282 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1986. Concepts of risk analysis as applied to viable population assessment and planning. in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1986. Summary: biometric approaches to modeling -- the manager's viewpoint. Pp. 203-204 in: J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph, ed. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 470 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1986. Use of expert systems in wildlife-habitat modeling. Pp. 145-150 in: J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph, ed. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 470 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1987. Habitat distribution for population viability. Presented at Biology and Management of the Spotted Owl - A Briefing for the Chief and Staff, Affected Forest Service Resource Staffs, and Associated Federal and State Agencies, July 27, 1987. USDA Forest Service, Rosslyn, VA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1987. Journal of attempts to induce and work with lucid dreams: can you kill yourself while lucid? Lucidity Letter 6:64-72. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1987. Testing your knowledge base. AI Expert 2:42-47. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1987. Use of decision tree analysis for assessing wildlife-silviculture relationships. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Portland, Oregon Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1988. 1st-Class Expert Systems: 1st-Class. AI Expert 3:77-80. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1988. Expert systems for deer habitat planning. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 3(4):7-8. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1988. Expert systems in wildlife management -- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 3(5):4-5. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1988. With cultivation, knowledge trees can bear fruit. Government Computer News 7(10):74,77. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1989. Management of plantation structure and composition. Abstract in: Wildlife diversity and landscape patterns in northwest coastal forests, a workshop Sept. 14-15, 1989, Newport, Oregon. Pp. 61-65 In: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement Project. Oregon State University, Corvallis OR. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1989. Silviculture expert system prototypes. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 4(3):3. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1989. The TEAMS approach to resource scheduling. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 4(4):1-2. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Combining expert systems with geobased information systems. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 5(2):4-5. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. ENDOW: A stream modification advisor. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 5(5):1. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Expert systems and GIS meet in USGS model. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 5(1):7. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Limnology, vegetation, and classification of Coast Range slump-formed ponds. Northwest Science 64(1):55-63. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Management of plantation structure and composition for timber and wildlife. COPE Report 3(2):9-10. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Representing uncertainty in expert systems: I. Use of likelihood estimates in knowledge base rules. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 5(9):10-14. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Seminar on wildlife in managed forests, Satpura Hills Biodiversity Project. WII Newsletter 5(4):15-16. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Taking WHR to new heights. Newsletter California WHR Task Group. Unpublished report. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Testing your knowledge base. (Reprinted from: AI Expert August 1987, pp. 42- 47). Pp. 438-443 in: P. G. Raeth, ed. Expert systems a software methodology for modern applications. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. 460 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1990. Visualizing planning objectives on national forests. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 5(7):3-4. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1991. Diagnosing stand treatment needs by expert system in the USDA Forest Service. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 6(3):4-5. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1991. Representing uncertainty in expert systems: II. Assumptions and limitations of the likelihood approach. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 6(1):8-10. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1991. SNAP II: A network planning model for the PC. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 6(4):6. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1991. Software showcase '92. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 6(6):4-7. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1991. Use of models of spotted owl populations for building a conservation strategy. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 72(2(Supplement)):181-182. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1992. Conservation of Indian forests. Cons. Biol. 6(1):12-16. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1992. Panel discussion (moderator). In: A Symposium on the Biology, Conservation, and Management of the Northern Spotted Owl, 12 November 1992, Raptor Research Foundation Conference. Bellevue WA. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1992. Programs for risk analysis. Natural Resources Computer Newsletter 6(7):6-7. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1992. Putting data, experience, and professional judgment to work in making land management decisions. Pp. 139-161 in: J. Nyberg and W. Kessler, ed. Integrating timber and wildlife in forest landscapes: a matter of scale. Proceedings of the Habitat Futures workshop at Pack Experimental Forest, Eatonville, Washington, October 16-20, 1989. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 161 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1992. Snag Recruitment Simulator, Rel. 3.1 [computer program], USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland OR. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1993. Conservation of forests of India: an ecologist's tour. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland OR. 127 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1994. Analyzing and monitoring population viability. Pp. 401-413 in: R. J. Kendall and T. E. Lacher, Jr, ed. Wildlife toxicology and population modeling: integrated studies of agroecosystems. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton FL. 576 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1994. Integrating environmental management through conservation strategies for threatened and endangered wildlife species. Pp. 79-91 in: J. Cairns, Jr, T. V. Crawford, and H. Salwasser, ed. Implementing integrated environmental management. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg VA. 137 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1994. A review of progress in wildlife habitat modeling and assessment. Pp. 62 In: The Wildlife Society First Annual Conference, 20-25 Sept 1994. The Wildlife Society, Albequerque NM. 117 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1995. Owls of old forests of the world. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-343. Portland OR. 64 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1996. An ecosystem context for bat management: a case study of the interior Columbia River Basin, U.S.A. Pp. 19-36 in: R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, ed. Bats and forests symposium: October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C., Canada. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1996. Interior Columbia Basin wildlife watch list: locally extirpated or declining wildlife taxa of the interior Columbia River Basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. USDA Forest Service, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, internal report. Portland, OR. 4 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1996. Monitoring wildlife: reaching for the ideal in a real world. Natural Resources News (Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute, Oregon) Fall:7-8,11. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1996. Report on tigers and leopards of the Russian Far East and northeast China. Report dated 21 July 1994. International Tiger Information Center Internet World Wide Web site www.5tigers.org/marcot1.htm Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1996. Tiger habitat corridors in Far East Russia, northeast China, and northern North Korea: need for a conservation strategy. Report dated 2 September 1995. International Tiger Information Center Internet World Wide Web site www.5tigers.org/marcot2.htm Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1997. Biodiversity of old forests of the west: a lesson from our elders. Pp. 88-105 in: K. A. Kohm and J. F. Franklin, ed. Creating a forestry for the 21st century: the science of ecosystem management. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 475 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1997. Of models and management: an anagramic commentary. Analysis Notes (USDA Forest Service, Washington Office/Ecosystem Management Analysis Center, Fort Collins, CO) 7(2):22-23. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1997. Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River Basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Research Note PNW-RN-522. Abstract and database available on-line at URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/marcot.html. USDA Forest Service. Portland OR. 29 pp. 
Abstract: Research information needs on selected invertebrates and all vertebrates of the interior Columbia River Basin and adjacent areas in the U.S. were collected into a Research, Development, and Application database as part of the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. The database includes 482 potential research study topics on 232 individual species and 18 species groups of animals, representing significant gaps in scientific knowledge. Research study topics in the database can be retrieved by use of keyword searches. Keyword subjects include basic ecology, distribution, inventory and monitoring, environmental disturbance, effects of land use management activities, and other topics. Research study topics can be prioritized once a land management plan is in place for the Basin and an assessment is conducted of risk management on species and their environments.

Marcot, B. G. 1997. Species-environment relations (SER) database. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Database available on-line at URL: http://www.icbemp.gov/spatial/metadata/databases/dbase.html Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1997. The species-environment relations (SER) database: an overview and some cautions in its use. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Database documentation available on-line at URL: http://www.icbemp.gov/spatial/metadata/databases/792aux2.html Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1997. The species-environment relations (SER) modeling approach of the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Analysis Notes (USDA Forest Service, Washington Office/Ecosystem Management Analysis Center, Fort Collins, CO) 7(2):11-15. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1998. Assessing the connectivity of habitat patches by matrix analysis and graph theory. Analysis Notes 8(1):12-16. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 1998. Selecting appropriate statistical procedures and asking the right questions: a synthesis. Pp. 129-142 in: V. Sit and B. Taylor, ed. Statistical methods for adaptive management studies. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/lmh/lmh42.htm, Victoria, B.C. 146 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2001. Visiting scientist report - WII-USFS collaborative project. Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter 8(3):6. 
Abstract: From 23 August to 16 September I visited the WII campus along with 3 other U.S. colleagues (Dr. Martin Raphael, Dr. John Lehmkuhl, and Mr. Richard Holthausen). This was one of the final technical team visits from the U.S. for the WII-U.S. Forest Service Collaboration Project on "A Guide for Managing Forests for Biological Diversity and Forest Productivity." Phase I of the project was 1990-1994, and Phase II 1995-2001. The WII Principal Investigator is Shri V. B. Sawarkar, Dean, Faculty of Wildlife Science.
    This major, 11-year project has provided a new way of thinking about managing for biodiversity at the landscape scale, by taking into account all types of lands, across multiple spatial scales, for multiple wildlife species and resource management needs. We have together provided a conceptual framework, the scientific basis, specific procedures for analysis and operations, and evaluations of selected demonstration areas, about how to integrate resource assessment and management for biodiversity at the landscape level.
    Final products of the project, due in November 2001, will include a 6-volume series, to be printed by WII. The volumes are being produced in collaboration and intense interaction among four full-time researchers, the U.S. team of scientists, selected WII faculty, field managers of four field project sites, and representative faculty from collaborating institutions of IGNFA and the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing.
    Volume 1 is addressing the conceptual and scientific basis for the approach, and should be of use to any manager or researcher interested in such an approach anywhere. Volume 2 is on wildlife-habitat relationships and will include a framework for how to evaluate multiple wildlife species simultaneously, and narrative summaries of life histories of 184 wildlife species selected to represent various criteria of rarity, endemism, management focus, habitat associations, and other factors. Volumes 3-6 are intensive case studies of four "conservation areas" selected across India to represent a great diversity of cultural situations, ecological conditions, site histories, and management challenges. The four sites include the Anamalais in south India, the Garo Hills of western Meghalaya in the northeast, the Satpura ranges in central India, and the Terai of the greater Dudhwa National Park region.
    Many useful lessons have already been learned from this project, principally the need to think broadly across major landscape areas when managing for native species and communities. This includes the need to coordinate data, analyses, and management across different land ownerships and allocations. Cumulative effects in buffer areas or zones of influence outside existing protected areas, or even along international borders, are also to be taken into account when developing site-specific management plans. Also, an integrated resource management approach at all spatial scales is seen as the best way to avoid conflicts in resource use and to plan for appropriate ways to conserve biodiversity in managed forests.

Marcot, B. G. 2002. An ecological functional basis for managing decaying wood for wildlife. Pp. 895-910 In: W. F. Laudenslayer, Jr, P. J. Shea, B. E. Valentine, C. P. Weatherspoon, and T. E. Lisle (Ed.). Proceedings of the Symposium on The Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, 2-4 November 1999, Reno, Nevada. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. 949 pp. 
Abstract: The traditional approach to managing decaying wood for wildlife has been to list species associated with snags, down wood, and other wood decay elements. An expanded approach more consistent with the spirit of ecosystem management would also describe how the ecological roles of species also affect wood decay elements, and how providing for wood decay elements in turn provides for a suite of species whose key ecological functions (KEFs) influence the ecosystem far beyond those decay elements per se. This expanded approach describes the "functional web" of how managing for wood decay elements in turn helps support a surprisingly wide array of ecological functions within ecosystems, such as many trophic relations, soil aeration, and dispersal of fungi, lichens, seeds, fruits, plants, and invertebrates. An example displays this functional web for wildlife species associated with various wood decay elements (snags, down wood, litter, duff, mistletoe brooms, dead parts of live trees, hollow living trees, natural tree cavities, bark crevices, and live remnant or legacy trees) in Washington and Oregon. The challenge is posed for management is to think functionally and beyond simple species-habitat relations.

Marcot, B. G. 2002. Ecosystem processes related to wood decay. in: B. G. Marcot, K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, S. A. Livingson, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach, ed. The DecAID repository: background information for DecAID, the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. On-line at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/decaid_home.htm. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2002. How to use DecAID: a tutorial. in: B. G. Marcot, K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, S. A. Livingson, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach, ed. The DecAID repository: background information for DecAID, the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. On-line at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/decaid_home.htm. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2003. Bayesian belief networks as decision modeling tools for the 2003 Annual Species Review: an introduction for Step 3 panelists. The Survey and Manage Program, Northwest Forest Plan, USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Portland, Oregon. BLM intranet web site: http://web.or.blm.gov/ForPlan/Bayesian/smbbn_home.html. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2003. Decayed wood advisor and management aid now available. The Wildlifer July-August:8 [http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/decaid_home.htm#mainmenu]. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2003. Frequently asked questions (FAQs) on functional assessments for subbasin planning. http://www.nwhi.org/ibis/subbasin/FAQ.asp. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Portland, OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2003. Science Advisor report for the Annual Species review 2003, Step 3 Floral Species Panel. Internal report 2-4 September 2003. For: Regional Ecosystem Office, Survey and Manage Species Program, Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Portland OR. 4 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2003. Statistical analysis of Step 3 voting patterns -- Annual Species review 2003. Internal report 27 October 2003. For: Regional Ecosystem Office, Survey and Manage Species Program, Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Portland OR. 8 pp. 
Abstract: I found no bias in the voting patterns among the managers and specialists of the Step 3 panels, which convened September 2003 for the Annual Species Review of the Survey and Manage Species Program.

Marcot, B. G. 2004. Owls in Malawi and eastern Zambia. Tyto Newsbrief 9(2):11-13. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2004. Wood decay in healthy forests: the paradox and the promise. Western Forester 49(4):4-5. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2005. The ecological and cultural functions of invertebrates in the Congo River Basin. Wings 28(Spring)(1):13-17. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2005. Habitat modeling for biodiversity conservation (abstract). Northwestern Naturalist 86(2):107. 
Abstract: Habitat models address only one aspect of biodiversity but can be useful in addressing and managing single or multiple species and ecosystem functions, for projecting disturbance regimes, and in decision support. I review categories and examples of habitat models and their utility for biodiversity conservation and roles in decision support systems. I suggest use of influence diagrams in structuring causal webs, and structural equation modeling to quantify relations, as a general framework for building models of habitat from which known degree of inference can be made to biodiversity parameters.

Marcot, B. G. 2005. Meeting with southern Oregon Mardon skipper team. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Interagency Special Status and Sensitive Species Programs. Portland, Oregon. 12 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2005. Observations of owls in western Democratic Republic of the Congo, (with a note on African wood owl vocalizations). (Also available on OwlPages.com http://owlpages.com/articles/Owls_Congo.html). Tyto 9(4):9-15. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2005. Two turtles from western Democratic Republic of the Congo: Pelusios chapini and Kinixys erosa. World Chelonia Trust Newsletter 8:1-2,8. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2006. Butterfly photos by Bruce Marcot, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006. USDA Forest Service. Portland, Oregon. 7 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2006. Characterizing species at risk I: modeling rare species under the Northwest Forest Plan. Ecology and Society 11(2):10. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art10/. 
Abstract: The Northwest Forest Plan in Pacific Northwest, U.S., includes directives for survey and site protection of hundreds of rare species across many taxonomic classes. To help direct survey activities and prioritize sites and stand conditions for conservation of these species, I developed Bayesian belief network (BBN) models of habitat relationships and multiple stressors predicting presence of 12 rare species, I and present an example of predicting presence and absence of a rare fungus. The BBN models are developed along a rigorous process of expert judgment, peer review, reconciliation, accuracy testing and incremental updating with known site data and validation data. Management implications of prediction errors are discussed.

Marcot, B. G. 2006. Habitat modeling for biodiversity conservation. Northwestern Naturalist 87(1):56-65. 
Abstract: Habitat models address only one aspect of biodiversity but can be useful in addressing and managing single or multiple species and ecosystem functions, for projecting disturbance regimes, and in decision support. I review categories and examples of habitat models and their utility for biodiversity conservation and roles in decision support systems. I suggest use of influence diagrams in structuring causal webs, and structural equation modeling to quantify relations, as a general framework for building models of habitat from which known degree of inference can be made to biodiversity parameters.

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Biodiversity and the lexicon zoo. Forest Ecology and Management 246(1):4-13. 
Abstract: Ecologists and natural resource managers struggle to define and relate biodiversity, biocomplexity, ecological integrity, ecosystem services, and related concepts; to describe effects of disturbance dynamics on biodiversity; and to understand how biodiversity relates to resilience, resistance, and stability of ecosystems and sustainability of resource conditions. Further diversifying this “lexicon zoo” are the ecological roles of rare species and refugia, and measures of surrogates and indicators of biodiversity parameters. To impart order on this lexicon zoo, a "concept map" framework is suggested for clearly defining biodiversity parameters and related terms, relating biodiversity to ecosystem services and sustainability, describing how disturbance affects biodiversity, and identifying biodiversity parameters for management and monitoring. Many relations among these concepts are poorly understood in managed forest environments and are presented here as testable tenets.

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Documentation of the Marbled Murrelet Bayesian network listing model. Internal report to USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon (28 September 2007). 13 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Documentation of the Marbled Murrelet significant threats model. Internal report to USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon (13 December 2007). 15 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Étude de cas n°5: gestion de ressources naturelles et analyses de risques (Natural resource assessment and risk management). Pp. 293-315 in: P. Naim, P.-H. Wuillemin, P. Leray, O. Pourret, and A. Becker, ed. Réseaux Bayésiens (Bayesian networks; in French). Eyrolles, Paris, France. xxx pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Owls in native cultures of central Africa and North America. Tyto Newsbrief 11(March):5-9. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2007. The quandaries and promise of risk management: A scientist's perspective on integration of science and management. The George Wright Forum (The George Wright Society Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites) 24(2):30-35. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2007. Unique songs of African Wood-Owls (Strix woodfordii) in Democratic Republic of Congo. Gabar 18(1):16-24. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. 2008. Mission to central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon) 3-14 November 2008. Trip report for International Programs Office, USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. . 29 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. In press. Management of biological diversity -- an introduction. WII Newsletter x:xxx-xxx. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G. In press. Modeling approaches for predicting change under WILDCAST: making progress in a data-poor world. Arctic Park Science December:113-117. 
Abstract: A basic framework is suggested for knitting together models of climate change, vegetation, and wildlife habitats and species, for use in the WILDCAST Program of USDI Geological Survey. The framework also addresses influence of climate change on key ecological functions of organisms and on ecosystem services of value to people. Many of the linkages among models will require expert interpretation. Tools and approaches to formalizing that expertise are suggested, as are next steps in the modeling process.

Marcot, B. G., and R. Alexander. 2004. Exploratory trip to Democratic Republic of the Congo, August 20 - September 15, 2004. Trip report for International Programs Office, USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. Available from: http://carpe.umd.edu/products/PDF_files/USFS_DRC_Cmmnty_Forestry_%20Aug2004_Eng.pdf [English], and http://plexusowls.com/PDFs/USFS_DRC_Community_Forestry_French.pdf [French, only through Section 9]. 88 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and R. Alexander. 2004. Observations on cultures and people, and recommendations for travel, in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Report for International Programs Office. USDA Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 3 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., C. Allen, S. Morey, D. Shively, and R. White. 2008. Report on a Bull Trout Expert Panel Workshop held July 2008 on "Assessing Potential Impacts of a Proposed Reintroduction of Bull Trout on ESA-Listed Salmon and Steelhead in the Clackamas River". USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland, Oregon. 46 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and K. B. Aubry. 2003. The functional diversity of mammals in coniferous forests of western North America. Pp. 631-664 in: C. J. Zabel and R. G. Anthony, ed. Mammal community dynamics: management and conservation in the coniferous forests of western North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. 709 pp. Abstract: KEFs key ecological functions

Marcot, B. G., D. Carrier, and R. Holthausen. 1986. The northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., M. A. Castellano, J. A. Christy, L. K. Croft, J. F. Lehmkuhl, R. H. Naney, K. Nelson, C. G. Niwa, R. E. Rosentreter, R. E. Sandquist, B. C. Wales, and E. Zieroth. 1997. Terrestrial ecology assessment. Pp. 1497-1713 in: T. M. Quigley and S. J. Arbelbide, ed. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Volume III. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 1713 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and P. Z. Chinn. 1982. Use of graph theory measures for assessing diversity of wildlife habitat. Pp. 69-70 in: R. Lamberson, ed. Mathematical models of renewable resources. Proceedings of the First Pacific Coast Conference on Mathematical Models of Renewable Resources. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA. 107 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., L. K. Croft, J. F. Lehmkuhl, R. H. Naney, C. G. Niwa, W. R. Owen, and R. E. Sandquist. 1998. Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-410. USDA Forest Service. Portland OR. 131 pp. 
Abstract: This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River Basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many edemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions vary among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented.

Marcot, B. G., and T. L. Darden. 1995. Suggestions for silvicultural prescriptions for wildife in managed forests of India. White paper. Wildlife Institute of India. Dehra Dun, India. 2 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and C. H. Flather. 2007. Species-level strategies for conserving rare or little-known species. Pp. 125-164 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., S. S. Ganzei, T. Zhang, and B. A. Voronov. 1997. A sustainable plan for conserving forest biodiversity in Far East Russia and northeast China. The Forestry Chronicle 73(5):565-571. 
Abstract: An ongoing, trinational project is providing the first environmentally sustainable economic development plan for the Ussuri River watershed (URW) in Far East Russia and northeast China. The URW is host to a unique mix of northern taiga and southern subtropical biota, and contains many endemic, relict, and highly threatened species of plants and animals. In Russia, severe monetary inflation and a shift to a market economy have left some aspects of forest biodiversity in jeopardy, particularly policing for wildlife poachers, regulating CITES (international wildlife trafficking) violations, ensuring long-term sustained production of timber and non-timber forest products, protecting unique habitats, and adequately staffing scientific reserves and funding needed research. In China, broad scale conversion of remaining wetlands to agriculture and rice paddies, and of diverse native forests to intensively managed, monocultural plantations, is helping to sustain the economy but is sacrificing biodiversity. A proposed sustainable land use plan has (1) mapped resource use areas, including both proposed and existing transborder nature areas, (2) encouraged foreign investment in both countries, and (3) encouraged sustainable development of natural resource markets that will be compatible with long-term conservation of biodiversity. A hallmark of this plan is integrating the needs of the people with the capacity of the land through both environmental protection and wise resource use.

Marcot, B. G., and J. Gardetto. 1980. Status of the spotted owl in Six Rivers National Forest, California. Western Birds 11:79-87. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. E. Gullison, and J. R. Barborak. 2001. Protecting habitat elements and natural areas in the managed forest matrix. Pp. 523-558 in: R. A. Fimbel, A. Grajal, and J. G. Robinson, ed. The cutting edge: conserving wildlife in logged tropical forests. Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., G. Gunderson, K. Mellen, and J. L. Ohmann. 2004. DecAID Advisor: a tool for managing snags, down wood and wood decay in forests of Washington and Oregon. Western Forester 49(4):12-13. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and R. Hill. 1980. Flammulated owls in northwestern California. Western Birds 11:141-149. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., P. A. Hohenlohe, S. Morey, R. Holmes, R. Molina, M. Turley, M. Huff, and J. Laurence. 2006. Characterizing species at risk II: using Bayesian belief networks as decision support tools to determine species conservation categories under the Northwest Forest Plan. Ecology and Society 11(2):12. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art12/. 
Abstract: We developed a set of decision-aiding models as Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) that represented a complex set of evaluation guidelines used to determine the appropriate conservation of hundreds of potentially rare species on federally-administered lands in the Pacific Northwest, U.S. The models were used in a structured assessment and paneling procedure as part of an adaptive management process that evaluated new scientific information under the Northwest Forest Plan. The models were not prescriptive but helped resource managers and specialists to evaluate complicated and at times conflicting conservation guidelines and to reduce bias and uncertainty in evaluating the scientific data. We concluded that applying the BBN modeling framework to complex and equivocal evaluation guidelines provided a set of clear, intuitive decision-aiding tools that greatly aided the species evaluation process.

Marcot, B. G., and R. Holthausen. 1987. Analyzing population viability of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. No. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resourc. Conf. 52:333-347. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. Holthausen, and H. Salwasser. 1986. Viable population planning. in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. S. Holthausen, M. G. Raphael, M. M. Rowland, and M. J. Wisdom. 2001. Using Bayesian belief networks to evaluate fish and wildlife population viability under land management alternatives from an environmental impact statement. Forest Ecology and Management 153(1-3):29-42. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. S. Holthausen, F. B. Samson, and A. B. Carey. 1985. Management and assessment of northern spotted owl populations on National Forests in Washington and Oregon. In: Raptor Research Foundation Symposium on the Management of Birds of Prey. International Meeting, Session 11.:10. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. S. Holthausen, F. B. Samson, and A. B. Carey. 1985. Management and assessment of northern spotted owl populations on National Forests in Washington and Oregon. Presented at Raptor Research Foundation Symposium on the Management of Birds of Prey, International Meeting, Session 11. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. S. Holthausen, J. Teply, and W. D. Carrier. 1991. Old-growth inventories: status, definitions, and visions for the future. Pp. 47-60 in: L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, ed. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-285. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. 533 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and D. H. Johnson. 2003. Owls in mythology and culture. Pp. 88-105 in: J. R. Duncan, ed. Owls of the world: their lives, behavior and survival. Key Porter Books, Ltd., Toronto, Canada. 319 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., A. Kumar, P. S. Roy, V. B. Sawarkar, A. Gupta, and S. N. Sangama. 2002. Towards a landscape conservation strategy: analysis of jhum landscape and proposed corridors for managing elephants in South Garo Hills District and Nokrek area, Meghalaya. (English with Hindi summary). The Indian Forester (February):207-216. 
Abstract: In the South Garo Hills District and Norkrek area of western Meghalaya, statistical analyses suggest very low elephant densities and greatest declines of elephants in areas with >10% bamboo and secondary forest (6-10 years old) and >10% scrub and abandoned jhum fields (old fallow jhum 3-6 years old). Elephant densities are highest, and declines are the least, in areas with >25% semi-evergreen forest (old secondary forests 15-30+ years old). Data on elephant sign (use) in the field generally support these findings, with selection by elephants (i.e., use significantly exceeding availability) for native semi-evergreen forest, and lack of selection (use significantly less than availability) for deciduous forests (including sal forest, teak, and cashew plantations) and for scrub and abandoned jhum fields. To maintain elephant populations in the South Garo Hills District and Nokrek area, we suggest official delineation of 7 elephant habitat corridors that we mapped as having low degree of fragmentation of forest cover and a high proportion of contiguous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forest cover.

Marcot, B. G., A. Kumar, P. S. Roy, and G. Talukdar. In press. Elephants, people, and landscapes in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya. Pp. xxx-xxx in: J. R. B. Alfred, M. Ahmad, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Biodiversity conservation and utilisation. Jyoti Publishers, Dehra Dun. xxx pp. 
Abstract: We compare patterns of the relations of elephant crude density (from a 1997-98 census) with vegetation, land cover, and human occupation at two spatial scales: All Garo Hills and a subset of South Garo Hills, in western Meghalaya, northeast India. The same elephant census data were used at both scales of analysis, whereas different sets of vegetation, land cover, and human occupation variables were derived from interpretation of remote sensing imagery at 62.5-m2 resolution for All Garo Hills and 23.5-m2 resolution for South Garo Hills. Results of the elephant censuses (from Marak 1998) indicate 1,297 elephants (0.21 elephant/km2) in All Garo Hills and 797 elephants (0.30 elephant/km2) in South Garo Hills. Analyses of elephant-people-habitat relations at both spatial scales consistently suggest that elephant density is related positively to more extensive, intact native forests; and negatively to fragmented forests, more extensive jhum (shifting cultivation) and secondary bamboo forest, and high village density. Correlation results at both spatial scales can suggest quantified management guidelines for maintaining or restoring habitat conditions for elephants. Additional consideration may be placed on 7 elephant habitat corridors serving to link elephant populations among protected areas of the region.

Marcot, B. G., J. F. Lehmkuhl, and M. G. Raphael. 2002. Chapter 4: Summary and synthesis of lessons learned in four conservation areas. Pp. 47-56 in: P. K. Mathur, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective - Volume I: Concepts, approaches, and project overview, Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India. 70 pp. Abstract: ISBN : 81-85496-17-X

Marcot, B. G., and S. Livingston. 2009. Report on the Red Tree Vole Listing Advisory Panel, held August 25-26, 2009, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Office. Internal report to USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, Portland, Oregon. 50 pp. 
Abstract: On August 25-26, 2009, an listing advisory panel workshop was held in Portland, Oregon to suggest potential listing status of red tree voles (RTV; Arborimus [Phenacomys] longicaudus) in Oregon. The panel consisted of four managers of USDI Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS).
    The panel: (1) evaluated information on RTV within the geographic scope of the North Coast in Oregon as delineated by FWS as a potential distinct population segment (DPS); (2) provided a legally sound and scientifically credible interpretation of the potential listing status of RTV within the DPS; (3) identified the type and strength of evidence underlying their interpretation of potential listing status; and (4) identified areas of key uncertainty.
    The panel workshop was rigorously structured using a modified Delphi process so that panelists could learn from other presenters and from each other, yet offer their knowledge individually. The panelists were asked to score potential listing outcomes for red tree voles in the DPS by allocating 100 voting points within or among three potential listing outcomes of (1) endangered, (2) threatened, and (3) not warranted, and to specify evidence and uncertainties that led to their scores.
    The workshop included presentations to the panel on RTV management status, genetics, biology, distribution, and habitat associations, by 7 RTV biologists (including 2 from FWS); and on forest vegetation conditions, trends, and current management, by 2 vegetation experts and 1 FWS biologist. All presenters were specifically asked to not make policy recommendations on species listing, as the purpose of their presentations was to provide the panelists with technical and scientific information by which the panels would score potential listing outcomes.
    The RTV Listing Advisory Panel scored the majority (67%) of their voting points under the “threatened” status, with fewer point scored under “not warranted” (32%) and “endangered” (1%) for the DPS. In particular, the four panelists individually varied in how they scored threatened (32-90 points) and not warranted (10-68 points) categories.
    The panelists identified a number of topics as key evidence or uncertainties, by each of the five ESA listing factors, underlying their scores. Areas of key evidence included loss of area and connectivity of old growth forests from harvesting and fires; some life history attributes lending to low productivity and predation; lack of specific, existing regulatory guidelines for RTV management; and isolation of RTV populations. Areas of key uncertainties included lack of data on population status, response to stressors, population genetics, and capacity for recolonization of habitats; effects of forest disease on habitat; effects of human activities, current forest management guidelines, and changes in forest management on predation pressure and habitat provision; and climate change effects.
    The panelists also provided their individual interpretation of key terms and definitions pertaining to listing evaluation, including: inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms, continued existence of the population, danger of extinction, likely to become endangered, foreseeable future, and other terms.
    This report also includes an appendix on details of the expert paneling method that could be adopted for other such assessments.

Marcot, B. G., R. W. Lundquist, and V. Castellano. 1987. Vocalizations of selected bird species of northwestern California mixed evergreen forests. Unpublished report. Portland OR. 51 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., K. Mayer, L. Fox, and R. J. Gutierrez. 1981. Application of remote sensing to wildlife habitat inventory workshop. Wildlife Society Bulletin 9:328. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., W. E. McConnaha, P. H. Whitney, T. A. O'Neil, P. J. Paquet, L. E. Mobrand, G. R. Blair, L. C. Lestelle, K. M. Malone, and K. I. Jenkins. 2002. A multi-species framework approach for the Columbia River Basin: integrating fish, wildlife, and ecological functions. On CD-ROM and Web: http://www.edthome.org/framework. Northwest Power Planning Council. Portland, Oregon. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. S. McNay, and R. E. Page. 1988. Use of microcomputers for planning and managing silviculture-habitat relationships. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-228. USDA Forest Service, PNW, Portland OR. 19 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., K. Mellen, S. A. Livingston, and C. Ogden. 2002. The DecAID advisory model: wildlife component. Pp. 561-590 In: W. F. Laudenslayer, Jr, P. J. Shea, B. E. Valentine, C. P. Weatherspoon, and T. E. Lisle (Ed.). Proceedings of the Symposium on The Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, 2-4 November 1999, Reno, Nevada. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. 949 pp. 
Abstract: The wildlife component of DecAID is based on a thorough review, analysis, and synthesis of the empirical literature on wildlife-dead wood relations. The wildlife analysis consists of compiling data on snag and log size, snag density, and amounts of down wood related to individual species or groups of wildlife species as presented in the literature, for various habitats and types of wildlife use (breeding, feeding, roosting). The wildlife use data are arranged in 3 cumulative species richness curves representing means and plus or minus one standard error (or equivalent variant), which are interpreted as levels of confidence of providing for individual species or groups along the curves. One can consult the curves to determine (1) for a given snag or down wood level which species or groups are provided, at three levels of confidence, and (2) for a target objective of providing for a specified percent of species, the levels of snags or down wood needed to achieve that objective. Given the outcome, the other components of the DecAID model can then be consulted to determine hazards or mitigation for risks of fire and insects and disease, and to provide for fungi and non-pest invertebrates.

Marcot, B. G., K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, S. A. Livingson, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach. 2004. DecAID: the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. Brochure. http://216.48.37.142/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=6233. In: 2003 PNW Innovation Fair. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 
Abstract: This brochure introduces DecAID Advisor, an on-line, Internet-accessible advisory system for managing snags, down wood, and other wood decay elements for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. The brochure addresses the intent, content, and use of DecAID Advisor, and provides its Web site address.

Marcot, B. G., K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, S. A. Livingson, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach. 2004. DecAID: the decayed wood management advisor. Powerpoint presentation. 
Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/decaid_powerpoint.htm. In: 2003 PNW Innovation Fair. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Abstract: Powerpoint presentation on the DecAID Advisor Web site of USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region and Pacific Northwest Research Station. DecAID Advisor is an on-line Internet-accessible advisory system that presents a synthesis of data on wildlife, inventory, insects and pathogens, fungi, and ecosystem processes related to wood decay elements including snags and down wood, in forests of Washington and Oregon. This presentation provides a brief overview of the purpose, use, and content of DecAID Advisor.

Marcot, B. G., K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, S. A. Livingson, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach. 2002. The DecAID repository: background information for DecAID, the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. On-line at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/decaid_home.htm. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and V. J. Meretsky. 1983. Shaping stands to enhance habitat diversity. Journal of Forestry 81:526-528. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and R. Molina. 2006. Conservation of other species associated with older forest conditions. Pp. 145-179 in: R. Haynes, B. T. Bormann, D. C. Lee, and J. R. Martin, ed. Northwest Forest Plan--the first 10 years (1994-2003): synthesis of monitoring and research results. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-651. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland OR. 292 pp.
Abstract: The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was expected to provide for functional late successional and old-growth (LSOG) forest ecosystems including all associated species and all components of biodiversity. Some 404 species and 4 arthropod species groups were included in the Survey and Manage (SM) program, and 791 species were deemed to not require such mitigation to ensure their persistence. However, no biodiversity monitoring program was established, and assumptions of persistence of species other than fish, spotted owls, and marbled murrelets were not tested. The SM program provided an adaptive management framework for conducting surveys and for evaluating new data on rare species in Annual Species Reviews. Most LSOG species are likely protected under NWFP except the rare species for which much uncertainty remains.

Marcot, B. G., and R. Molina. 2007. Special considerations for the science, conservation, and management of rare or little-known species. Pp. 93-124 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., S. Morey, B. Naney, and L. Finley. 2007. Fisher threats workshop report. Internal report to USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Fisher Conservation Strategy Team, April 12, 2007. Portland, Oregon. 15 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., S. Morey, and P. R. Phifer. 2006. Summary of results: Threats Workshop, June 1-2, 2006. Internal report to USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Northern Spotted Owl Recovery Team, Interagency Staff Team, Portland, Oregon. 18 pp. 
Abstract: On June 1, 2006, a panel of seven experts was assembled to help the northern spotted owl recovery team identify the greatest current threats to northern spotted owls (NSO).
    The greatest current rangewide threats identified by the panel were competition from barred owls, loss of habitat amount and distribution from past activities and disturbances, and ongoing habitat loss to timber harvest. The panel noted that evidence of these three threat categories is supported by peer reviewed and published studies. The spread of the threat scores made by the individual panelists was narrowest for barred owl competition and slightly greater for habitat threats. The panel identified disease and effect of climate change on vegetation as potential and more uncertain future threats.
    Among 12 physiographic provinces, the more fire-prone provinces (eastern Washington and eastern Oregon Cascades, California Cascades, Oregon and California Klamath) scored high in terms of threats from ongoing habitat loss to wildfire and effects of fire exclusion on vegetation change. Westside provinces (western Washington and western Oregon Cascades, western Washington lowlands, Olympic Peninsula, and Oregon Coast Range) generally scored high on threats from adverse effects of habitat fragmentation and ongoing habitat loss to timber harvest. The province with the fewest number of the highest threats was Western Oregon Cascades and the provinces with the greatest number of the highest threats were Oregon Klamath and Willamette Valley.

Marcot, B. G., and D. D. Murphy. 1996. On population viability analysis and management. Pp. 58-76 in: R. C. Szaro and D. W. Johnston, ed. Biodiversity in managed landscapes theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford. 778 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. B. Nyberg. 2005. The future of forest biodiversity conservation amidst development: reflection and vision. International Forestry Review 7(5):21. 
Abstract: Evaluating anthropogenic influences on biodiversity should span freshwater, aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments. Protected areas alone cannot save biodiversity because boundary effects pervade landscapes, as learnt from the situation in Zimbabwe. Instead, we should clearly articulate goals and realistic expectations for biodiversity elements on each land use allocation, as being attempted in India. Relying only on threatened, endemic, indicator, flagship, and umbrella species will not suffice. We must look across taxonomic and functional groups, and also better account for local extirpations of species, subspecies, demes, and metapopulations. We need a clear classification and valuation method of ecosystem services. Trends of simplification as seen in Germany and China, and the conversion and loss of forests witnessed in Ecuador, have degraded biodiversity, but variable retention in Canadian forests and selection harvesting practices adopted in Russia, can help maintain forest biodiversity elements. Integrating cultural and religious interests with sustenance and conservation will be a major theme in Alaska, , northern Canada, Malawi, and northeast India. We need to emphasize biodiversity conservation more at local project scales as in Cameroon and Congo, and encourage partnerships among landowners and local residents. Governments can assist by providing incentives for stewardship as well as legislated conservation mandates and targets. Landscape ecology should be used to redesign urban sprawl and reduce impacts on hydrologic systems as in Florida. Ultimately, population density and growth in countries like China, India, and Mexico will determine what our planet will be capable of producing and supporting for centuries to come.

Marcot, B. G., and J. L. Ohmann. 2003. Decayed wood advisor and management aid. The Ornithological Newsletter 155:[http://birds.cornell.edu/OSNA/155.htm]. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. L. Ohmann. 2003. New decayed wood planning tool available. Western Forester 48 [July/August](4):17 [http://www.forestry.org/pdf/aug03.pdf]. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. L. Ohmann. 2003. New publication. Society for Conservation Biology Newsletter 10(3):[http://www.conbio.org/SCB/Publications/Newsletter/Archives/2003-8-August/v10n3010.cfm]. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. L. Ohmann. 2006. If a tree falls in the woods, who will measure it? DecAID decayed wood advisor. Science Findings (USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Jonathan Thompson, Science Writer) (83 (May)):1-5. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., J. L. Ohmann, K. Mellen-McLean, and K. L. Waddell. In press. Synthesis of regional wildlife and vegetation field studies to guide management of standing and down dead trees. Forest Science xxx:xxx-xxx. 
Abstract: We used novel methods for combining information from wildlife and vegetation field studies to develop guidelines for managing dead wood for wildlife and biodiversity. The DecAID Decayed Wood Advisor presents data on wildlife use of standing and down dead trees (snags and down wood) and summaries of regional vegetation plot data depicting dead wood conditions, for forests across the Pacific Northwest U.S. We combined data on wildlife use by snag diameter and density, and by down wood diameter and cover, across studies, using parametric techniques of meta-analysis. We calculated tolerance intervals which represent the percentage of each species' population that uses particular sizes or amounts of snags and down wood, and rank-ordered the species into cumulative species curves. We combined data on snags and down wood from >16,000 field plots from three regional forest inventories, and calculated distribution-free tolerance intervals compatible with those compiled for wildlife, to facilitate integrated analysis. We illustrate our methods using an example for one vegetation condition. The statistical summaries in DecAID use a probabilistic rather than deterministic approach that lends well to a risk analysis and management framework. Our methods may prove useful to others faced with similar problems of combining information across studies in other regions, or for other data types.

Marcot, B. G., and T. O'Neil. 2003. Glossary of terms - wildlife analyses. http://www.nwhi.org/ibis/subbasin/glossary.asp. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Portland, OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., T. A. O'Neil, J. B. Nyberg, A. MacKinnon, P. J. Paquet, and D. H. Johnson. 2006. Analyzing key ecological functions for transboundary subbasin assessments. Pp. 37-50 In: C. W. Slaughter and N. Berg (Ed.). Watersheds Across Boundaries: Science, Sustainability, Security. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Watershed Management Council Conference, November 3-7, 2002, Stevenson, Washington. Center for Water Resources Report No.107. University of California, Riverside, California. 390 pp. 
Abstract: We present an evaluation of the ecological roles ("key ecological functions" or KEFs) of fish and wildlife as one facet of subbasin assessment in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) of USA and Canada. Using a wildlife-habitat relationships database (IBIS) and GIS, we have mapped KEFs as levels of functional redundancy (numbers of species with particular KEF categories) that may occur within subbasins and subwatersheds historically and at present. Such "functional analyses" complement analyses of habitats and species, and serve to inform on the degree to which wildlife communities are "fully functional" and how that functionality can be influenced by changes in habitats. Our analysis is the first of its kind, particularly in the transboundary CRB. The analysis depicts historic, current, and changes in functional redundancy for selected KEF categories; total functional richness (number of KEF categories performed by all wildlife species in an area); and functional diversity (functional richness weighted by functional redundancy). The maps denote parts of the subbasin that are strong or deficient in specific ecological functions. Land managers could use the maps to guide restoration or conservation priorities for ecological functions of fish and wildlife.

Marcot, B. G., and M. G. Raphael. 1991. Modeling habitat capability for northern spotted owls. Process documentation for USDA Forest Service Final Spotted Owl EIS. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. 40 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and M. G. Raphael. 2002. Chapter 1: Wildlife-habitat relationships (WHR) in conservation areas. Pp. 1-8 in: P. K. Mathur, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective - Volume II: Wildlife-habitat relationships (WHR) in conservation areas, Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India. 224 pp. Abstract: ISBN : 81-85496-18-8

Marcot, B. G., M. G. Raphael, and K. H. Berry. 1983. Monitoring wildlife habitat and validation of wildlife-habitat relationships models. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 48:315-329. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., M. G. Raphael, R. S. Holthausen, and V. B. Sawarkar. 2002. Chapter 2: Concepts and applications of landscape planning and management. Pp. 5-32 in: P. K. Mathur, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective - Volume I: Concepts, approaches, and project overview, Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India. 70 pp. Abstract: ISBN : 81-85496-17-X

Marcot, B. G., D. I. Rumiz, and T. S. Fredericksen. 1998. Defining forest protected area networks -- a handbook for delineating forest protected areas in managed forests of lowland Bolivia. Conservation International, Washington, D.C., and Bolfor (Bolivian Forest Servce, Santa Cruz, Bolivia), Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., D. I. Rumiz, and T. S. Fredericksen. 2000. Definicion de redes de areas protegidas forestales: un manual para la delimitacion de areas protegidas forestales en los bosques manajados de las tierras bajas de Bolivia. [Defining forest protected area networks -- a handbook for delineating forest protected areas in managed forests of lowland Bolivia. In Spanish] Documento Téchnico 87/2000, Contrato USAID: 511-0621-C-00-3027. Proyecto BOLFOR (Bolivia Sustainable Forest Management Project de USAID y Chemonics International). Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 27 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and H. Salwasser. 1991. Views on risk analysis for wildlife planning and management in USDA Forest Service. Presented at Soc. for Risk Analysis Ann. Mtg., 8-11 Dec. 1991, Baltimore MD Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. G. Sidle. 2007. Mission to Democratic Republic of Congo, September 29 - October 21, 2006. Trip report for International Programs. USDA Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 41 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and C. H. Sieg. 2007. System-level strategies for conserving rare or little-known species. Pp. 165-186 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., J. D. Steventon, G. D. Sutherland, and R. K. McCann. 2006. Guidelines for developing and updating Bayesian belief networks applied to ecological modeling and conservation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:3063-3074. 
Abstract: Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) are useful tools for modeling ecological predictions and aiding resource-management decision-making. We provide practical guidelines for developing, testing, and revising BBNs. Primary steps in this process include creating influence diagrams of the hypothesized "causal web" of key factors affecting a species or ecological outcome of interest; developing a first, alpha-level BBN model from the influence diagram; revising the model after expert review; testing and calibrating the model with case files to create a beta-level model; and updating the model structure and conditional probabilities with new validation data, creating the final-application gamma-level model. We illustrate and discuss these steps with an empirically based BBN model of factors influencing probability of capture of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw)). Testing and updating BBNs, especially with peer review and calibration, are essential to ensure their credibility and reduce bias. Our guidelines provide modelers with insights that allow them to avoid potentially spurious or unreliable models.

Marcot, B. G., and J. W. Thomas. 1997. Of spotted owls, old growth, and new policies: a history since the Interagency Scientific Committee report. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-408. USDA Forest Service. Portland OR. 34 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and J. W. Thomas. 1997. Of spotted owls, old growth, and new policies: a history since the Interagency Scientific Committee report. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-408. USDA Forest Service. Portland OR. 34 pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., and M. Turley. 2003. Statistical analysis of Step 3 voting patterns -- Annual Species review 2002. Internal report 17 October 2002, updated 24 January 2003 from December 2002 Panels. For: Regional Ecosystem Office, Survey and Manage Species Program, Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Portland OR. 20 pp. 
Abstract: We found no bias in the voting patterns among IMG members, other managers, and specialists, who constituted the Step 3 panels, which convened September 2002 for the Annual Species Review of the Survey and Manage Species Program.

Marcot, B. G., and M. Vander Heyden. 2001. Key ecological functions of wildlife species. Pp. 168-186 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., R. Vora, and J. Lehmkuhl. 1991. Threatened forests of India: our future dilemma? Natural Areas Report 3(2):1,3-4. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., B. C. Wales, and R. Demmer. 2003. Range maps of terrestrial species and natural areas in the interior Columbia River Basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-583. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtr583/. USDA Forest Service. Portland OR. 304 pp. 
Abstract: Current range distribution maps are presented for 14 invertebrate, 26 amphibian, 26 reptile, 339 bird, and 125 mammal species and selected subspecies (530 total taxa) of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins in the United States. Also presented are maps of historical ranges of 3 bird and 10 mammal species, and 6 maps of natural areas designated by federal agencies and other organizations. The species range maps were derived from a variety of publications and from expert review and unpublished data, and thus differ in degree of accuracy and resolution. The species maps are available in computer versions and are indexed herein by common and scientific names.

Marcot, B. G., M. J. Wisdom, H. W. Li, and G. C. Castillo. 1993. Managing for featured, threatened, endangered, and sensitive species and unique habitats for ecosystem sustainability. Pp. 175-213 in: P. F. Hessburg, ed. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment. Volume III: assessment. (Also reprinted as Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-329, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland OR, February 1994). USDA Forest Service, Wenatchee WA. pp. Abstract:

Marcot, B. G., M. J. Wisdom, H. W. Li, and G. C. Castillo. 1994. Managing for featured, threatened, endangered, and sensitive species and unique habitats for ecosystem sustainability. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-329. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland OR. pp. Abstract:

Marcot-Crowe, V., C. Rader, R. Hufnagel, and B. Marcot. 1986. Pattern recognition and expert system analysis of the capnogram. in: ed. (Perkin-Elmer Technical Symposium Proceedings). Perkin-Elmer Corp., pp. Abstract:

McCann, R., B. G. Marcot, and R. Ellis. 2006. Bayesian belief networks: applications in natural resource management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:3053-3062. 
Abstract: In this introduction to the following series of papers on Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) we briefly summarize BBNs, review their application in ecology and natural resource management, and provide an overview of the papers in this section. We suggest that BBNs are useful tools for representing expert knowledge of an ecosystem, evaluating potential effects of alternative management decisions, and communicating with nonexperts about making natural resource management decisions. BBNs can be used effectively to represent uncertainty in understanding and variability in ecosystem response, and the influence of uncertainty and variability on costs and benefits assigned to model outcomes or decisions associated with natural resource management. BBN tools also lend themselves well to an adaptive-management framework by posing testable management hypotheses and incorporating new knowledge to evaluate existing management guidelines.

McNay, R. S., A. M. Doucette, R. K. McCann, D. C. Heard, B. G. Marcot, R. Sulyma, and R. Ellis. 2003. An assessment of conservation policy for pine-lichen winter ranges used by caribou in north-central British Columbia. CLUPE Project: Implementation of the Mackenzie LRMP Caribou Management Strategy. Wildlife Infometrics Report No. 049. Wildlife Infometrics Inc. Mackenzie, British Columbia, Canada. 27 pp. 
Abstract: Current policy for conserving seasonal ranges used by caribou in north-central British Columbia was established through a process of public and stakeholder consultation. As a preliminary implementation task, we modeled application of the resulting policy to 3 areas (3 million hectares) occupied by caribou and assessed the likely effectiveness of the policy as a conservation mechanism in one of the areas. Forecasting the future, 200-year, spatially-explicit supply of seasonal ranges for caribou required the use of a variety of modeling tools including: 1) a stochastic disturbance simulator controlled by policy rules, 2) a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) portraying the ecological factors and relationships used to estimate caribou's seasonal range preferences, 3) a Geographic Information System (GIS) to implement spatial rules, and 4) database tools to handle information transition among model components and to simulate forest succession. Predicting caribou preference for pine-lichen winter range depended on terrain and vegetation values, which were modified by potential snow conditions and by risk of predation from wolves. The BBN was constructed using expert opinion and was assessed using data from relocations of radio-collared caribou collected over 4 years. The BBN allowed us to: 1) articulate decision criteria for different levels of management resolution, 2) identify criteria and indicators useful for monitoring policy implementation, and 3) describe uncertainty and risk associated with management. We make note of useful techniques for constructing BBN's and the use of animal relocations as tests of the modeled relationships. We also discuss where the modeling process indicated policy changes might be required to more successfully manage the conservation of pine-lichen winter range for northern caribou.

McNay, R. S., B. G. Marcot, V. Brumovsky, and R. Ellis. 2006. A Bayesian approach to evaluating habitat suitability for woodland caribou in north-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:3117-3133. 
Abstract: Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin)) populations are in decline throughout much of their range. With increasingly rapid industrial, recreational, residential, and agricultural development of caribou habitat, tools are required to make clear, knowledgeable, and explainable management decisions to support effective conservation of caribou and their range. We developed a series of Bayesian belief networks to evaluate conservation policy scenarios applied to caribou seasonal range recovery areas. We demonstrate the utility of the networks to articulate ecological understanding among stakeholders, to clarify and explicitly depict threats to seasonal range. We also show how simulated forecasts of spatially explicit seasonal range can be compared with landscape potential with range under assumed conditions of natural disturbance. These tools have provided opportunities to operationally define and measure conditions for recovery of caribou in north-central British Columbia.

Mellen, K., B. G. Marcot, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, S. A. Livingston, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach. 2003. DecAID, the Decayed Wood Advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. Version 1.10. http://wwwnotes.fs.fed.us:81/pnw/DecAID/DecAID.nsf. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. Abstract:

Mellen, K., B. G. Marcot, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, S. A. Livingston, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, C. Ogden, and T. Dreisbach. 2006. DecAID, the Decayed Wood Advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. Version 2.0. http://wwwnotes.fs.fed.us:81/pnw/DecAID/DecAID.nsf. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. Abstract:

Mellen, K., B. G. Marcot, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, E. A. Willhite, B. B. Hostetler, S. A. Livingson, and C. Ogden. 2002. DecAID: a decaying wood advisory model for Oregon and Washington. Pp. 527-533 In: W. F. Laudenslayer, Jr, P. J. Shea, B. E. Valentine, C. P. Weatherspoon, and T. E. Lisle (Ed.). Proceedings of the Symposium on The Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, 2-4 November 1999, Reno, Nevada. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. 949 pp. 
Abstract: DecAID is a knowledge-base advisory model provides guidance to managers in determining the size, amount, and distribution of dead and decaying wood (dead and partially dead trees and down wood) necessary to maintain wildlife habitat and ecosystem functions. The model is intended to update and replace the snag-wildlife models presented in Thomas (1979) and Brown (1985). While the relationship of dead and decaying wood to wildlife habitat is a major component of the model, DecAID also provides expert advice on prescribing and interpreting existing conditions of dead wood with regards to: wild and prescribed fire and fuels, pest and non-pest insects, disease, fungi, and use of inventory data to describe current managed and natural levels of dead wood. The model also produces a list of ecosystem functions performed by those species associated with dead and decaying wood. Advice on the distribution of dead wood at the stand and landscape scale is provided in the model.

Meslow, E. C., C. Bruce, and B. G. Marcot. 1992. Historical perspective on the development of conservation plans for the northern spotted owl (1975-present). In: A symposium on the biology, conservation, and management of the northern spotted owl. Raptor Research Foundation Conference. Bellevue, Washington. (abstract only) pp. Abstract:

Molina, R., and B. G. Marcot. 2007. Definitions and attributes of little-known species. Pp. 67-92 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Molina, R., B. G. Marcot, and R. Lesher. 2006. Protecting rare, old-growth forest associated species under the survey and manage guidelines of the Northwest Forest Plan. Conservation Biology 20(2):306-318. 
Abstract: The Survey and Manage Program of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) represents an unparalleled attempt to protect rare, little-known species associated with late-successional and old-growth forests on more than 9.7 million ha of federal lands. Approximately 400 species of amphibians, bryophytes, fungi, lichens, mollusks, vascular plants, arthropod functional groups, and one mammal were listed under this program because viability evaluations indicated the plan’s network of reserve land allocations might not sustain the species over time. The program’s standards and guidelines used an adaptive approach, protecting known sites and collecting new information to address concerns for species persistence and to develop management strategies. Since implementation in 1994, approximately 68,000 known sites have been recorded at an expense of several tens of millions of dollars. New knowledge from surveys reduced concern for nearly 100 species, and they were removed from the protection list. Although successful in protecting hundreds of rare species not typically considered in most conservation programs, some of the enacted conservation measures created conflicts in meeting other management objectives of the plan, particularly timber harvest. The program accrued important gains in knowledge, reduced uncertainty about conservation of a number of species, and developed new methods of species inventory that will be useful in future management planning and implementation at many scales. The program, however, was not completed because of changes in land-management philosophy. Ongoing litigation regarding its termination and potential changes to the plan cast further uncertainty on how the original goal of maintaining persistence of late-successional and old-growth species will be met and measured. The outcomes, controversies, and management frustrations of the program exemplify the inherent difficulties in balancing broad, regional conservation goals with social and economic goals of the NWFP. Defining acceptable trade-offs to reach that balance and developing practical conservation solutions remain challenges for the science and management communities. Lessons learned from the programprovide a valuable biological and managerial reference to benefit future discussion on meeting those challenges.

Morrison, M. L., and B. G. Marcot. 1984. Expanded use of the variable circular-plot census method. Wilson Bulletin 96:313-315. Abstract:

Morrison, M. L., and B. G. Marcot. 1995. An evaluation of resource inventory and monitoring programs used in national forest planning. Env. Manage. 19(1):147-156. Abstract:

Morrison, M. L., B. G. Marcot, and R. W. Mannan. 1992. Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts and applications. First edition. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI. 448 pp. Abstract:

Morrison, M. L., B. G. Marcot, and R. W. Mannan. 1998. Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts and applications. Second edition. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI. 435 pp. Abstract:

Morrison, M. L., B. G. Marcot, and R. W. Mannan. 2006. Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts and applications. Third edition. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Abstract:

Neitro, W. A., V. W. Binkley, S. P. Cline, R. W. Mannan, B. G. Marcot, D. Taylor, and F. F. Wagner. 1985. Snags (wildlife trees). Pp. 129-169 in: E. R. Brown, ed. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington. Part 1 - chapter narratives. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. 332 pp. Abstract:

Nyberg, J. B., B. G. Marcot, and R. Sulyma. 2006. Using Bayesian belief networks in adaptive management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:3104-3116. 
Abstract: Bayesian belief and decision networks are modelling techniques that are well suited to adaptive-management applications, but they appear not to have been widely used in adaptive management to date. Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) can serve many purposes, from illustrating a conceptual understanding of system relations to calculating joint probabilities for decision options and predicting outcomes of management policies. We describe the nature and capabilities of BBNs, discuss their applications to the adaptive-management process, and present a case example of adaptive management of forests and terrestrial lichens in north-central British Columbia. We recommend that those unfamiliar with BBNs should begin by first developing influence diagrams with relatively simple structures that represent the system under management. Such basic models can then be elaborated to include more variables, the mathematical relations among them, and features that allow assessment of the utility of alternative management actions or strategies. Users of BBNs should be aware of several important limitations, including problems in representing feedback and time–dynamic functions. Nevertheless, when properly used, Bayesian networks can benefit most adaptive-management teams by promoting a shared understanding of the system being managed and encouraging the rigorous examination of alternative management policies.

Olsen, J., B. G. Marcot, and S. Trost. 2002. Do southern boobooks Ninox novaeseelandiae duet? Pp. 320-328 in: I. Newton, R. Kavanagh, J. Olsen, and I. Taylor, ed. Ecology and conservation of owls. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. pp. Abstract:

O'Neil, T. A., K. A. Bettinger, M. Vander Heyden, B. G. Marcot, C. Barrett, T. K. Mellen, W. M. Vander Haegen, D. H. Johnson, P. J. Doran, L. Wunder, and K. M. Boula. 2001. Structural conditions and habitat elements of Oregon and Washington. Pp. 115-139 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

O'Neil, T. A., P. Bettinger, B. G. Marcot, B. W. Luscombe, G. T. Koeln, H. J. Bruner, C. Barrett, J. A. Gaines, and S. Bernatas. 2005. Application of spatial technologies in wildlife biology. Pp. 418-447 in: C. E. Braun, ed. Wildlife techniques manual, 6th edition. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. pp. Abstract:

O'Neil, T. A., D. H. Johnson, C. Barrett, M. Trevithick, K. A. Bettinger, C. Kiilsgaard, M. Vander Heyden, E. L. Greda, D. Stinson, B. G. Marcot, P. J. Doran, S. Tank, and L. Wunder. 2001. Matrixes for wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. CD-ROM. in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

O'Neil, T. A., D. H. Johnson, P. Paquet, P. Whitney, and B. Marcot. 2001. A rosetta stone for fish and wildlife information in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 21 In: L. Wills, B (Ed.). Data standards from A-Z. Proceedings of the 2001 Organization of Fish and Wildlife Information Managers Meeting, November 3-7, 2001. The Organization of Fish and Wildlife Information Managers, Portland, Oregon. 75 pp. 
Abstract: A common lexicon for fish and wildlife is needed; if we are ever want to achieve consistency in our inventorying and monitoring of our natural resources. Agreeing to common definitions for words and protocols that are used to describe fish, wildlife and their habitats allows multidisciplinary researchers and managers to interact and build a common understanding for management. Over the past 5 years, we have been involved in number of projects where we have strived to achieve common terminology, and our talk reports on those attempts. Specific, projects reported on are: Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington that defined over 300 terms; Monitoring Salmon Habitat in the Pacific Northwest that examined over 100 protocols; and A Multi-species Framework Approach for the Columbia River Basin that examined integrating fish, wildlife, and ecological functions. Our presentation will highlight the need for collaboration of common fish and wildlife vocabulary so that inter and intra-disciplinary approaches can effectively communicate across scientific, organizational or political borders.

Phifer, P. R., S. Morey, and B. G. Marcot. 2007. Summary of results: marbled murrelet managers' meeting. Final version January 3, 2008 (Internal white paper report to USDI Fish and Wildlife Service). USDI FIsh and Wildlife Service. Portland OR. 69 pp. Abstract:

Pourret, O., P. Naïm, and B. G. Marcot, ed. 2008. Bayesian belief networks: a practical guide to applications. Wiley, West Sussex, England. 432 pp. 
Abstract: Bayesian Networks, the result of the convergence of artificial intelligence with statistics, are growing in popularity. Their versatility and modelling power is now employed across a variety of fields for the purposes of analysis, simulation, prediction and diagnosis. This book provides a general introduction to Bayesian networks, defining and illustrating the basic concepts with pedagogical examples and twenty real-life case studies drawn from a range of fields including medicine, computing, natural sciences and engineering. Designed to help analysts, engineers, scientists and professionals taking part in complex decision processes to successfully implement Bayesian networks, this book equips readers with proven methods to generate, calibrate, evaluate and validate Bayesian networks. The book: * Provides the tools to overcome common practical challenges such as the treatment of missing input data, interaction with experts and decision makers, determination of the optimal granularity and size of the model. * Highlights the strengths of Bayesian networks whilst also presenting a discussion of their limitations. * Compares Bayesian networks with other modelling techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy logic and fault trees. * Describes, for ease of comparison, the main features of the major Bayesian network software packages: Netica, Hugin, Elvira and Discoverer, from the point of view of the user. * Offers a historical perspective on the subject and analyses future directions for research. Written by leading experts with practical experience of applying Bayesian networks in finance, banking, medicine, robotics, civil engineering, geology, geography, genetics, forensic science, ecology, and industry, the book has much to offer both practitioners and researchers involved in statistical analysis or modelling in any of these fields.

Quigley, T. M., R. W. Haynes, and R. T. Graham, ed. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-382. Portland OR. 303 pp. Abstract:

Quigley, T. M., D. C. Lee, R. W. Haynes, J. R. Sedell, R. S. Holthausen, W. J. Hann, B. E. Rieman, B. G. Marcot, and A. L. Horne. 1997. Chapter 7. Ecological integrity, socioeconomic resiliency, and trends in risk. Pp. 836-897 in: T. M. Quigley, K. M. Lee, and S. J. Arbelbide, ed. Evaluation of EIS alternatives by the Science Integration Team, Volume II. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Portland, OR. pp. Abstract:

Rader, C. D., V. M. Crowe, and B. G. Marcot. 1987. CAPS: a pattern recognition expert system prototype for respiratory and anesthesia monitoring. Presented at Westex-87 IEEE Expert Systems Conference, June 1987, Anaheim, California Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., and B. G. Marcot. 1986. Validation of a wildlife-habitat-relationships model: vertebrates in a Douglas-fir sere. Pp. 129-138 in: J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph, ed. Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 470 pp. Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., and B. G. Marcot. 1994. Species and ecosystem viability: key questions and issues. J. Forestry 92(4):45-47. Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., and B. G. Marcot. 2007. Introduction. Pp. 1-16 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., B. G. Marcot, R. S. Holthausen, and M. J. Wisdom. 1998. Terrestrial species and habitats. J. Forestry 96(10):22-27. 
Abstract: The assessment of interior Columbia basin terrestrial species compared prehistoric, historical, and current terrestrial environments and plant and animal communities and looked closely at habitat changes that would affect sensitive vertebrates. We then projected three management scenarios and estimated future distributions of forest cover and other habitat elements on the viability of plant and animal populations. Among the implications for biodiversity conservation strategies: identifying and managing groups of species with similar ecological functions may be more effective than managing individual keystone species. The assessment also revealed gaps in our scientific knowledge of biodiversity in the region.

Raphael, M. G., R. Molina, C. H. Flather, R. Holthausen, R. L. Johnson, B. G. Marcot, D. H. Olson, J. D. Peine, C. H. Sieg, and C. S. Swanson. 2007. A process for selecting and implementation of conservation approaches. Pp. 334-362 in: M. G. Raphael and R. Molina, ed. Conservation of rare or little-known species: biological, social, and economic considerations. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 375 pp. Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., K. V. Rosenberg, and B. G. Marcot. 1988. Large-scale changes in bird populations of Douglas-fir forests, northwestern California. Pp. 63-83 in: J. Jackson, ed. Bird Conservation 3. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI. pp. Abstract:

Raphael, M. G., M. J. Wisdom, M. M. Rowland, R. S. Holthausen, B. C. Wales, B. G. Marcot, and T. D. Rich. 2001. Status and trends of habitats of terrestrial vertebrates in relation to land management in the interior Columbia River Basin. Forest Ecology and Management 153(1-3):63-87. Abstract:

Rose, C. L., B. G. Marcot, T. K. Mellen, J. L. Ohmann, K. L. Waddell, D. L. Lindley, and B. Schreiber. 2001. Decaying wood in Pacific Northwest forests: concepts and tools for habitat management. Pp. 580-623 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, R. S. Holthausen, J. W. Thomas, B. G. Marcot, and E. C. Meslow. 1988. Ecological dependency: the concept and its implications for research and management. Trans. No. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 53:115-125. Abstract:

Ruggiero, L. F., R. S. Holthausen, B. G. Marcot, K. B. Aubry, J. W. Thomas, and E. C. Meslow. 1988. Ecological dependency: the concept and its implications for research and management. No. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 53:115-126. Abstract:

Sallabanks, R., B. G. Marcot, R. A. Riggs, C. A. Mehl, and E. B. Arnett. 2001. Wildlife of eastside (interior) forests and woodlands. Pp. 213-238 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Salwasser, H., J. A. Caplan, C. W. Cartwright, A. T. Doyle, W. B. Kessler, B. G. Marcot, and L. Stritch. 1996. Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem management. Pp. 548-573 in: R. C. Szaro and D. W. Johnston, ed. Biodiversity in managed landscapes: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New York. 778 pp. Abstract:

Salwasser, H., R. S. Holthausen, and B. G. Marcot. 1986. Implications of laws and regulations for viable population planning in the National Forest system. (Chapter updated 3 Feb 1989). in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. pp. Abstract:

Salwasser, H., and B. G. Marcot. 1986. Viable population planning: a planning framework for viable populations. in: B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, ed. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. pp. Abstract:

Salwasser, H., V. B. Sawarkar, T. Darden, R. S. Holthausen, W. B. Kessler, J. F. Lehmkuhl, B. G. Marcot, H. S. Panwar, M. G. Raphael, J. W. Thomas, and R. Vora. 1991. Conserving biological diversity in India's forests. Final report of the Wildlife in Managed Forest Project: Phase I. June 6, 1991, revised August 30, 1991. USDA Forest Service, Washington,DC. Abstract:

Samson, F. B., and B. G. Marcot. 1986. Guidelines for measuring, reporting, and interpreting demographic parameters in spotted owl populations. In: Proceedings and summary of a workshop on spotted owl demographics, 28-29 April 1986. USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. 21 pp. Abstract:

Sawarkar, V. B., and B. G. Marcot. 2002. Chapter 2: Methods for wildlife-habitat relationships (WHR). Pp. 9-14 in: P. K. Mathur, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and V. B. Sawarkar, ed. Management of forests in India for biological diversity and forest productivity, a new perspective - Volume II: Wildlife-habitat relationships (WHR) in conservation areas, Wildlife Institute of India-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India. 224 pp. Abstract: ISBN : 81-85496-18-8

Sawyer, J. O., J. Gray, G. J. West, D. Thornburgh, R. F. Noss, J. H. Engbeck, Jr, B. G. Marcot, and R. Raymond. 2000. History of redwood and redwood forests. Pp. 7-38 in: R. F. Noss, ed. The redwood forest. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 339 pp. Abstract:

Scheeler, C. A., P. Ashley, W. Blosser, D. H. Johnson, J. Kagan, C. Macdonald, B. G. Marcot, T. A. O'Neil, P. J. Paquet, D. Parkin, E. Roderick, P. Roger, A. Sondenaa, and S. Soults. 2003. A technical guide for developing wildlife elements of a subbasin plan. http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/admin/guides/wildlife.pdf. Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority, and Northwest Power Planning Council. Portland, OR. 20 pp. 
Abstract: This document provides a template to assist subbasin planners in developing the wildlife element of subbasin plans as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council's (NWPPC) Provincial/Subbasin Planning program. It will also be useful to ecoprovincial planners for it attempts to show how the subbasin and provincial levels will be integrated. This document was developed to promote planning consistency in the Columbia River Basin, to provide a structure for the main wildlife components of a subbasin plan, and provide information on the analysis tools. While the ecoprovincial level guidance is primarily directed at subbasin planners in Oregon and Washington, the principles are also applicable to Idaho and Montana planners. This guidance is provided in six sections: 1) Context for Wildlife in Subbasin Planning, 2) Approach to Incorporation of Wildlife in Subbasin Planning, 3) Approach to Wildlife Assessment, 4) Connecting Subbasin and Ecoprovince Planning Efforts, 5) Outline for Subbasin Plan (with terrestrial/wildlife sections highlighted) and 6) Literature Cited.

Thomas, J. W., M. G. Raphael, R. G. Anthony, E. D. Forsman, A. G. Gunderson, R. S. Holthausen, B. G. Marcot, G. H. Reeves, J. R. Sedell, and D. M. Solis. 1993. Viability assessments and management considerations for species associated with late-successional and old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service. U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington, D.C. 530 pp. Abstract:

Toth, E. F., D. M. Solis, and B. G. Marcot. 1986. A management strategy for habitat diversity: using models of wildlife- habitat relationships. Pp. 139-144 in: J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph, ed. Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 470 pp. Abstract:

USDA, ed. 1996. Status of the interior Columbia Basin. Summary of scientific findings. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-385. Portland OR. 144 pp. Abstract:

van Rooij, T., D. I. Rumiz, A. R. Montellano, U. Remillard, X. Fernandez, R. Arispe, J. C. Herrera, W. Townsend, R. S. Miserendino, D. Caba, T. Muñoz, and B. Marcot. 2008. Using the landscape species concept to model habitat suitability for threatened species in Bolivia’s dry tropical forest (preliminary report). FCBC (Foundation for the Conservation of the Chiquitano Forest). Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. pp. Abstract:

Vander Heyden, M., and B. G. Marcot. 2001. Terrestrial and marine management activities: links to habitat elements and ecological processes. Pp. 501-511 in: D. H. Johnson and T. A. O'Neil, ed. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis OR. pp. Abstract:

Wilcox, B. A., P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot. 1986. The management of viable populations: theory, applications, and case studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA. Abstract:

Williams, B. L., and B. G. Marcot. 1991. Use of biodiversity indicators for analyzing and managing forest landscapes. No. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 56:613-627. Abstract:

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